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Entrepreneurial activity covers all stages of reproduction of social production, which determines its diversity. In the scientific literature it is distinguished.
Production entrepreneurship is a priority, as it is aimed at the production of goods, products, provision of production services, performance of certain works necessary to meet the urgent needs of society. As we can see, this type of entrepreneurship covers the sphere of material production, the development of which is associated with the production of goods, services, performance of works on an innovative basis and achievement of their higher quality.
Productive entrepreneurial activity can be either basic or creative (in the literature it is called auxiliary, which does not fully correspond to its essence).
The result of the main entrepreneurial activity is the production of final finished products suitable for consumption – industrial or personal. Creative entrepreneurial activity is associated with the development of innovations: the latest equipment, technologies, new varieties of plants, breeds and lines of animals, new organizational solutions, etc. Their application in the process of the main business activity makes it possible to increase the volume of production and/or improve its quality, produce new goods and thereby satisfy the growing demands of consumers.
Intermediary business activity is associated with the movement of goods from producer to consumer and with trade and exchange operations. This type of entrepreneurial activity is a reflection of the social division of labor, contributes to the increase of labor productivity due to specialization, accelerates the circulation of capital, more fully takes into account the needs of consumers.
It is generally accepted that intermediaries are individuals or legal entities that represent the interests of producers or consumers. The authors of the textbook “Entrepreneurship: organization, efficiency, business culture” distinguish the following specific forms of intermediary business activity: agency, trade and commercial activity, auction trade, exchange business.
Representatives of agency are: agents of producers, representing their interests in the search for possible markets; authorized sales agents, who receive the right to sell the products of producers on the terms stipulated by the contract; purchasing agents – brokers, commissioners, consignors, whose main function is to select the resources of a certain quantity, quality and assortment necessary for the customer in the market. The main task of the broker is to bring together the seller and the buyer and facilitate the conclusion of the transaction between them. A commission agent is an intermediary acting under a commission agreement, according to which he receives an order from the principal (customer) to carry out a certain trade transaction on behalf of the latter.
Representatives of trade and commercial activities, in the process of which wholesale and retail trade in various goods is carried out, are wholesale and retail firms, trading houses, wholesale food markets, dealers, distributors.
Distributors are intermediaries that purchase goods directly from manufacturers and sell them to regular customers. Dealers are intermediaries (legal entities or individuals) who purchase goods at their own expense and resell them on their own terms. Salesmen are intermediaries who sell goods with their delivery to the destination.
Auction trade is a public bidding for the right to purchase goods put up for auction (auction sale) with a certain starting (initial) price. Goods at auction, as a rule, are exhibited in indivisible lots – lots. Among the agricultural goods, lots of livestock and land plots can be sold at auction.
Exchange business is a special type of intermediary activity, the subject of which is exchanges as a specific organizational form of wholesale trade. Exchanges can be of different profiles: commodity exchanges; stock exchanges – carry out the purchase and sale of securities; currency exchanges – carry out operations on the purchase and sale of gold and currency. The last two types of exchanges mainly represent other types of entrepreneurship, which will be discussed below.
In addition to production and intermediary entrepreneurial activity, there are also financial entrepreneurial activity and entrepreneurship in the field of consulting services.
Entrepreneurship related to the provision of financial services has a complex nature, because, on the one hand, it carries out commercial activities, and on the other – provides direct services. The peculiarity of this business is that the object of purchase and sale here is not material things, but special goods: money, currency, securities. The objects (agents) of financial entrepreneurship are banks, investment companies and investment funds, stock exchanges, currency exchanges, insurance companies.
Consulting entrepreneurship is related to the provision of consulting services in the form of development of consulting projects or advice on solving certain problematic tasks for the customer.
